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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are key precursors of ozone and particulate matter that are the two dominant air pollutants in urban environments. However, compositions and sources of VOCs in urban air aloft were rarely reported by far.
What are the primary sources of VOCs identified in urban environments?The study identifies five major sources of VOCs: daytime-mixed (22%), visitor-related (30%), vehicular+industrial (28%), regional transport (10%), and VCP-dominated (11%). These findings highlight the significant impact of human activities and transportation on VOC contributions.How do VOC concentrations vary by altitude in urban settings?Measurements show that overall, VOC mixing ratios at 450 m were lower than at ground level, indicating dispersion. However, certain species such as ethanol exhibited increased concentrations due to visitor-related emissions at higher altitudes.What method was used for source apportionment of VOCs?The PMF receptor model was employed to analyze 225 VOC species, revealing that visitor-related sources contributed 30% and vehicular emissions accounted for 28% of the average total VOC mixing ratio. This method provided insights into specific urban emission sources.
AbstractBackground: Indoor exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) from outdoor sources is a major health concern, especially in highly polluted developing countries such as China.
Uvedené informace jsou pouze orientační, před zakoupením ve vybraném obchodě doporučujeme ověřit, že prodávaný model má klíčové vlastnosti dle vašich požadavků.
А вот селлеры проходят детальную проверку. Администрация маркетплейса Гидра гарантирует безопасность своим пользователям, а потому ответственно подходит к этому вопросу. hydra