What political strategies were identified as instrumental in the evolution of chiefdoms?The study outlines ten political strategies including debt infliction and infrastructure improvement, which chiefs use to extend their power and control over subsistence production.How did ecological conditions influence the development of chiefdoms?The research identifies nine key environmental conditions, such as natural productivity and regional population density, that differentially affect the trajectories of chiefdom development.What role does ideology play in the power dynamics of chiefdoms?The findings show that ideology, including external legitimacy and traditional beliefs, is crucial for legitimizing leadership and maintaining social order within chiefdoms.
Reverse transcriptases (RTs) are found in a wide variety of mobile genetic elements including viruses, retrotransposons, and infectious organellar introns. An invariant triad of aspartates is thought to be required for the catalytic…
What explains the variation in vocalization among carnivores?The paper reveals that vocalization in carnivores varies with social structure; spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) exhibit a richer repertoire than brown hyenas (Hyaena brunnea) due to higher sociality.How is olfactory communication unique among canids?The study shows that canids use olfactory signals, such as urine marking, for territory, individual recognition, and signaling reproductive status, especially in females during estrus.What role do visual signals play in canid communication?The research highlights that visual communication in canids includes complex body postures and facial expressions, which convey dominance, submission, and emotional states.
The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes and non-coding genes, other functional regions of the genome such as regulatory sequences (see non-coding DNA), and often a substantial fraction of junk DNA with no evident function. [2 ] [3…