Aggregate of microorganisms in which cells that are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) adhere to each other and/or to a surface.
In response to different extracellular signals, Rel/NF-κB transcription factors are critical regulators of apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Here we show that in normal B and T cells, expression of the Bcl-2 prosurvival homolog, A1, is…
Bone resorption could not completely account for this effect as resorption markers (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b, urine deoxypyridinoline (DPD) excretion, TRAP5 mRNA) are unchanged or reduced at 2 and/or 4 weeks post…
We have systematically made a set of precisely defined, single-gene deletions of all nonessential genes in Escherichia coli K-12. Open-reading frame coding regions were replaced with a kanamycin cassette flanked by FLP recognition target…
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is responsible for several deaths in malnourished children accompanied by diminished circulating leptin and impaired cell-mediated immunity. Typically, leptin deficiency is associated with the Th2 polarization…
Scale development and validation are critical to much of the work in the health, social, and behavioral sciences. However, the constellation of techniques re...